Ancient Australian culture - the traditional skill of cool burning

European culture and its battle with nature

Spraying invasive weeds is an annual battle to protect remnant grassland plants

As an ecologist and a manager of flora and fauna reserves I seem to spend a lot of my time battling against the forces of nature. For example each of the three reserves that I help to manage has problem weeds that have to be suppressed with herbicides each year. This is to prevent them from spreading and over running the remnant native plants. Ironically the spraying kills some of the native grasses and herbs that we are trying to protect. Spraying is also very expensive ($1000/day) but we seem to be locked into an endless annual cycle of herbicide spraying in a fight with nature, from which there appears to be no retreat.

Since the beginning of white settlement in Australia, battling nature has been our chosen way of life.
Richard Howitt wrote in 1845 in 'Impressions of Australia Felix';

   "Day after day it was no slight army of trees against which we had to do battle. We had to  fight hard with them to gain possession of the soil, for the trees in those days were giants"

Howitt was describing the beginnings of 170 years of clearing trees from the Australian continent which sadly is still going on full steam ahead in some states. There is no doubt that many Australians still see the environment as an enemy that has to be beaten into submission or at least subdued.

---

The First Australians partner with nature

An 1874 image of the Barwon River at Fyansford by Edward Paxtman Brandard showing patterns of trees created by indigenous burning. Gammage explains how this design was both ecologically sensible and aided hunting. State Library of Victoria

It makes more sense to work with nature than to do battle against her. Becoming a partner with the most powerful force on earth has clear advantages, but is it possible?

T0 the First Australians nature and nurture are inseparable. Partnering with nature is so deeply embedded in their culture that it is impossible for them to feel whole as people without maintaining a tangible connection. This connection with 'country' goes far beyond the love and empathy for familiar places that I often feel for the place I live, it's a deep and complex spiritual connection that sadly goes well beyond my powers of comprehension.
 
Bill Gammage on page 131 of 'The Biggest Estate on Earth' quotes Strehlow to give some insights into this spiritual relationship;

"the overwhelming affection felt by a native for his ancestral territory - mountains and creeks and springs and water-holes are to him not merely interesting or beautiful but the handiwork of ancestors from whom he himself has descended. He sees recorded in the surrounding landscape the ancient story of the lives and deeds of the immortal beings whom he reveres. The whole countryside is his living age old family tree."

---

The ancient art/science/spiritualism of cool burning

Wiyn-murrup yangarramela - ‘fire spirit comes back’.

Two events that I attended recently brought me a little closer to understanding this deep spiritual connection that the First Australians have with nature. Both involved fire and both were profoundly moving experiences. This blog will describe the first of these events. The second event will be described in the June blog. 

Wiyn-murrup yangarramela is Wada Wurrung (Wathaurung) for ‘fire spirit comes back’. Hearing this ancient phrase spoken at Bakers Lane Reserve, Teesdale was the prelude to what was planned for this 4ha reserve in the next few hours. It was a process, a ritual, a ceremony and a celebration that this grassy woodland had not experienced for over 180 years. It was the beginning of the ancient practice of indigenous burning lead by Ngarigo elder from the Snowy Mountains, Uncle Rod Mason. He had practiced his craft for 53 years and had started as a boy in his homelands in the western desert.

---

Ngarigo elder from the Snowy Mountains, Uncle Rod Mason preparing the group for the indigenous practice of cool burning

It had been a dry summer and April 4th dawned as the perfect windless day for a burn though the forecast was for a warm day in the high twenties. So the planned afternoon burn was brought forward to a 7am start to avoid any safety risks associated with a warm afternoon. A small 'camp' fire was burning and people were gathering, some in casual clothes around the fire and others in CFA yellow protective overalls around the fire trucks.

Before the burn we were welcomed to 'country' by Wada Wurrung Elder Uncle Bryon Powell. He explained that the smoke from the branches of Cherry Ballart and River Red Gum were symbolic. The smoke was to clear away any negativity that we may have brought with us, the parasitic Cherry Ballart reminded us of the importance of giving back to the land that nurtures us and the mighty River Red Gum would give us strength.

A dark skinned man in his 60's wearing jeans and a checked jacket stepped to the centre of the circle of people and comfortably spoke about the day ahead.

This was Uncle Rod Mason who held the knowledge about indigenous burning and its benefits to 'country'. "This is a safe technique and today 's workshop will help build your confidence" he said. Uncle Rod was watching the smoke from the fire and was waiting for the first breeze to come with the sun rise

---

The Wada Wurrung lit patches from the main fire with dry burning grass. Photo Tracey McRae

By 7.30 as predicted we had a breeze from the north, so the group moved to the southern end of the reserve where Uncle Rod walked into the long grass and started lighting a clump of grass with a cigarette lighter. Quickly the Wada Wurrung onlookers joined in and numerous patches of burning grass began crackling. The ancient practice of cool burning had begun.

---

Cool burning - how it was done

Small fires were spaced about one metre apart. This close spacing was important to keep the burn cool

The process was simple as Uncle Rod explained. Keep the wind to your back and light patches of grass about 1 m apart. So the indigenous burners backed into the long grass lighting up patches with handfulls of dry grass that were lit from the main fire.

At this time I made a few interesting observations - the fire was cool, patchy, there was not much smoke and it was not threatening. People were standing within a few meters of the cracking grass and chatting. It was a very friendly social occasion, a shared and connecting
    experience.

Burning the allotted 3ha took about 3 hours and it was fun with most of the people having a go at lighting up. My only discomfort was a few singed hairs on the back of my right hand. 

The CFA also joined in but started to vary the pattern and spaced the fire patches further apart to between 5 - 10 m. This simple variation made the fire much hotter and chatting onlookers began to move further back.

I mentioned this to Uncle Rod who by this time was burning 50 m away from the CFA. He knew their fire was hotter because the smoke was black. "We want to keep the charcoal on the ground to protect and insulate the soil on hot days. The smoke should always be white for a burn to revitalise the ground" he said.

---

Long grass is knotted to prevent it flaring and burning a young River Red Gum.

At this moment he bent down and put his hand flat on the burnt ground and then pointed to a small spider that was scurrying across the sooty newly burnt surface. "This ground is already cool and the burn will make the land fresh and healthy again. Fire should move across the ground like trickling water and as the slow burn moves, wildlife can move away because they have plenty of time. The burn should be cool enough for insects to survive and there should be no scorch marks on the trees" he said. 

From our conversation I understood that annual cool burns would return an ecological balance of plant, insect and animal species to make this place healthy again. Would this process of regular cool burning 'clean up' the weedy plants that I have been fighting against for decades?

When the indigenous burn was completed, the CFA used their technique to burn a 1 ha section to the north of the reserve. The two styles of burning would demonstrate differences in the recovery of the two sites. Dale Smithyman from the Golden Plains Shire who had organised the event wanted to observe the varying patterns of plant species and plant density that would emerge after the burn. 

---

The CFA burn for comparison

The CFA lit a line of fire with their drip torches. This method produced a hotter fire and a lot of black smoke. Photo Tracey McRae

We were standing to the south of the CFA burn and watched as the line of flames on the far north side leapt into the air. The flame height was two - three times higher and thick black smoke filled the air. Very quickly the onlookers were moving to safety because the flames were hot and the air was pungent and hard to breathe. The burn was over within thirty minutes but what had been a convivial and relaxed ambiance was now changed.

Uncle Rod was watching with the rest of us so I asked him for a comment. "After the indigenous burn the ground will take 2 weeks to recover, but after that hot burn the ground won't recover for 3 months", he said.

We assembled back at the Teesdale Hall for lunch and some talks about the culture of burning from members of Wada Wurrung community. However before the guest speakers could begin we had a long wait for CFA who had stayed back at the burn site to make it safe by doing some 'mopping up'.

When they finally arrived I overheard one of the CFA chiefs confiding in another;
"you know Tony, the indigenous burn may have taken longer but there was no mopping up". Tony nodded. "we spent all our time mopping up around the CFA burn and making it safe and we'll probably be back tomorrow".

The same CFA officer added "the indigenous burn may have taken three times as long but there was no mopping up needed so overall the two methods took about the same time but the indigenous burn was much safer", Tony once again nodded his agreement

---

Richard McTernan, Co-ordinator of Wooragee Landcare recently (Feb 2020) sent these insightful comments.

'With the Teesdale burn, we actually did remove the timber from under the large gums at the back of the block,  which were instructions from Uncle Rod . From my observations this allowed the fire to do its job and not leave smouldering logs which can burn for along time and be a fire risk.  At the Teasdale burn the left hand side of the reserve that the CFA burnt no timber was not removed and I remember the CFA spent 3 times as long putting out smouldering logs after the initial fire. 
 
Out at Wooragee we asked the participants to do the same and by the time we had finished I believe that there was little to do as we had removed the threat of smouldering timber.  I do believe that at Wooragee there was some large timber on the ground that we did burn around, from memory some large white box branches that had fallen down.
 
Interestingly Uncle Rod says that traditionally most small timber was collected for the camp fires so only large timber was left (for habitat I assume).   Over the years what I have noticed is that the removal of small timber also reduces the intensity of the fire and doesn’t allow the flame height/ heat to impact the canopy which is where animals escape to in a cool burn.

This is a good discussion within itself as excessive heat in grassy woodland fires burns the canopy and within a few weeks the dead saplings and leaf drop create just as much fuel as there was before the fire.  This can be noticeable on sides of country roads where authorities have conducted burns with minimal prep'. 

Thankyou to Tracey McRae for the beautiful photographic record of the cool burn below;

A gathering to be part of the first cool burn at this site in 180 years

The smoking ceremony burned Cherry Ballart 'leaves' to clear away any negativity before the burn

Uncle Rod Mason lit up and the cool burn had begun

The other members of the Wada Wurrung started lighting fires every meter

The cool burn was safe and no threat to participants

Uncle Rod Mason directing the progress of the burn

The ground was cool very soon after the burn

The trunks of trees showed no sign of scorching

Insects were not stressed by the fire and smoke

Wada Wurrung elder Uncle Reg Abrahams warms his hands

Two indigenous elders discussing the progress of the burn

The smoke is mostly white so the carbon stays on the surface to protect and insulate the soil

The CFA used the same technique but increased the spaces between the spot burns. This made the fire much hotter

Very little 'mopping up' was needed with the cool burn

The CFA's hot burn needed considerably more time and equipment for mopping up

Ancient Australian culture - Welcome to country smoking ceremony  in June